Oganesyan, T.A., Romanova, I.V., Aristakesyan, E.A., Kuzik, V.V., Makina, D.M., Marina, I.Yu., Khromenkova, A.E., Artamokhina, I.V., and Belova, V.A., Diencephalo-Telencephalic Changes of the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Rats and Common Frogs during Sleep Deprivation, Zh. The Identification and Localization of Dopamine in the Hydroid, Tissue Cell, 1970, vol. Knight, D.P., Sclerotization of the Perisarc of the Calyptoblastic Hydroid, Laomedea flexuosa. Kapsimali, M., Dumond, H., Le Crom, S., Coudouet, S., Vincent, J.D., and Vernier, P., Evolution and Development of Dopaminergic Neurotransmitter Systems in Vertebrates, J. Kume, K., Kume, S., Park, S.P., Hirsh, J., and Jackson, F.R., Dopamine is a Regulator of Arousal in the Fruit Fly, J. and Neckameyer, W.S., Dopaminergic Modulation of Motor Neuron Activity and Neuromuscular Function in Drosophila melanogaster, Comp. Apomorphine Induced Effects on Visually Directed Appetitive and Consumatory Prey Catching Behavior, Comp. and Ewert, J.-P., Dopaminergic Modulation of Visual Response in Toad. and Besharse, J.C., Phase Shifting the Retinal Circadian Clock: xPer2 mRNA Induction by Light and Dopamine, J. 1452–1460.Ĭarr, J.A., Norris, D.O., and Samora, A., Organization of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Di- and Mesencephalon of the American bullfrog ( Rana catesbeiana) during Metamorphosis, Cell Tissue Res., 1991, vol. Thompson, R.H., Ménard, A., Pombal, M., and Grillner, S., Forebrain Dopamine Depletion Impairs Motor Behavior in Lamprey, Eur. and Bloom, F.E., Central Catecholamine Neuron System: Anatomy and Physiology of the Dopamine Systems, Annu. and Preussler, D.W., Dopamine-Containing, Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons in Freely Moving Cats: Activity during the Sleep-Waking Cycle and Effects of Stress, Exp.
and Jantos, H., The Roles of Dopamine and Serotonin, and of Their Receptors, in Regulating Sleep and Waking, Prog. Siegel, J.M., The Neurotransmitters of Sleep, J. and Koob, G.F., What Keeps Us Awake: the Neorupharmacology of Stimulants and Wakefulness-Promoting Medications, Sleep, 2004, vol. Jones, B.E., Arousal Systems, Front Biosci., 2003, vol. Comparative analysis of changes in WSC of amphibians and mammals in response to administration of dopamine and its agonists allows thinking that the role of the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system in regulation of the vertebrate WSC certainly consists in that the low level of activity of this system facilitates development of sleep (catalepsy), whereas the high level provides reaction of arousal and is actively included in the system providing stress-reaction. Taking into account that the states of catalepsy and cataplexy in frogs are under control of anterior hypothalamus, it can be suggested that manifestations of cataplexy (sleep) in frog are due to the low level of dopaminergic activity, whereas manifestations of catalepsy (the homologue of stress reaction) are due to the high dopamine content in the anterior hypothalamic structures. In spectra of electrograms of the frog telencephalon the representation of waves of the delta diapason rose. Low apomorphine doses produced in WSC a marked decrease of portion of wakefulness and an increase of the immobility state of the catalepsy type high doses, on the contrary, initially promoted in CNS an increase of wakefulness and the state of catalepsy by demonstrating thereby its stressogenic action after this, in WSC there increased the portion of the sleep-like immobility state of the catalepsy type that is considered a functional homologue of sleep of homoiothermal animals. These immobility forms are considered as homologues of mammalian stressreaction, hibernation, and sleep. Usually the frog WSC is represented by wakefulness and three types of passive-protective behavior: the immobility states of the type of catalepsy, catatonia, and cataplexy that are characterized by high thresholds of arousal and by different (corresponding to the name) skeletal muscle tones. This work considers effects of introduction into spinal lymphatic sac of dopamine agonist-apomorphine (APO)-at doses of 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg body weight on the common frog wakefulness-sleep cycle (WSC).
0 kommentar(er)
